Skin-Walker

=Skin-walker=

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(Redirected from Skinwalkers)Jump to: navigation, searchThis article is about the creature of Native American legend. For other uses, see Skin-walker (disambiguation).{| class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" In some Native American legends, a skin-walker is a person with the supernatural ability to turn into any animal he or she desires, though they first must be wearing a pelt of the animal, to be able to transform. Similar lore can be found in cultures throughout the world and is often referred to as shapeshifting by anthropologists. {| class="toc" id="toc"
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Contents
[hide]*1 Navajo skinwalker: the yee naaldlooshii
 * 2 Hopi skinwalking
 * 3 History of the skinwalker
 * 4 Use in pop-culture
 * 5 See also
 * 6 References
 * 7 Other references
 * 8 External links
 * }

[edit] Navajo skinwalker: the yee naaldlooshii
Main article: Witch (Navajo)Possibly the best documented skinwalker beliefs are those relating to the Navajo yee naaldlooshii (literally "with it, he goes on all fours" in the Navajo language). A yee naaldlooshii is one of several varieties of Navajo witch (specifically an ’ánt’įįhnii or practitioner of the Witchery Way, as opposed to a user of curse-objects (’adagąsh) or a practitioner of Frenzy Way (’azhįtee)). Technically, the term refers to an ’ánt’įįhnii who is using his (rarely her) powers to travel in animal form. In some versions men or women who have attained the highest level of priesthood then commit the act of killing an immediate member of their family, and then have thus gained the evil powers that are associated with skinwalkers.

The ’ánt’įįhnii are human beings who have gained supernatural power by breaking a cultural taboo. Specifically, a person is said to gain the power to become a yee naaldlooshii upon initiation into the Witchery Way. Both men and women can become ’ánt’įįhnii and therefore possibly skinwalkers, but men are far more numerous. It is generally thought that only childless women can become witches.

Although it is most frequently seen as a coyote, wolf, owl, fox, or crow, the yee naaldlooshii is said to have the power to assume the form of any animal they choose, depending on what kind of abilities they need. Witches use the form for expedient travel, especially to the Navajo equivalent of the 'Black Mass', a perverted song (and the central rite of the Witchery Way) used to curse instead of to heal. They also may transform to escape from pursuers.

Some Navajo also believe that skinwalkers have the ability to steal the "skin" or body of a person. The Navajo believe that if you lock eyes with a skinwalker they can absorb themselves into your body. It is also said that skinwalkers avoid the light and that their eyes glow like an animal's when in human form and when in animal form their eyes do not glow as an animal's would.

A skinwalker is usually described as naked, except for an animal skin. Some Navajos describe them as a mutated version of the animal in question. The skin may just be a mask, like those which are the only garment worn in the witches' song.

Because animal skins are used primarily by skinwalkers, the pelt of animals such as bears, coyotes, wolves, and cougars are strictly tabooed. Sheepskin and buckskin are probably two of the few hides used by Navajos; the latter is used only for ceremonial purposes.

Often, Navajos will tell of their encounter with a skinwalker, though there is a lot of hesitancy to reveal the story to non-Navajos, or (understandably) to talk of such frightening things at night. Sometimes the skinwalker will try to break into the house and attack the people inside, and will often bang on the walls of the house, knock on the windows, and climb onto the roofs. Sometimes, a strange, animal-like figure is seen standing outside the window, peering in. Other times, a skinwalker may attack a vehicle and cause a car accident. The skinwalkers are described as being fast, agile, and impossible to catch. Though some attempts have been made to shoot or kill one, they are not usually successful. Sometimes a skinwalker will be tracked down, only to lead to the house of someone known to the tracker. As in European werewolf lore, sometimes a wounded skinwalker will escape, only to have someone turn up later with a similar wound which reveals them to be the witch. It is said that if a Navajo was to know the person behind the skinwalker they had to pronounce the full name, and about three days later that person would either get sick or die for the wrong that they have committed. [1]

Legend has it, skinwalkers can have the power to read human thoughts. They also possess the ability to make any human or animal noise they choose. A skinwalker may use the voice of a relative or the cry of an infant to lure victims out of the safety of their homes.

Skinwalkers use charms to instill fear and control in their victims. Such charms include human bone beads launched by blowguns, which imbed themselves beneath the surface of the skin without leaving a mark, and human bone dust which can cause paralysis and heart failure. Skinwalkers have been known to find traces of their victim's hair, wrap it around a pot shard, and place it into a tarantula hole. Even live rattlesnakes are known to be used as charms by the skinwalker.

According to Navajo myth, the only way to successfully shoot a skinwalker is to dip bullets into white ash. Often people attempting to shoot a skinwalker find their weapon jamming or frozen. Other times the rounds fire but have no effect.

[edit] Hopi skinwalking
In ancient Hopi culture there was a ritual ceremony once performed, called the Ya Ya Ceremony. In this ceremony, members would change themselves into various animals using the hide from the animal they chose, and the members use certain animal attributes like sight, strength, etc. The ceremony was banned after members developed a disease of the eyes.

[edit] History of the skinwalker
There are a few legends to the roots of the skinwalker. One such comes from the long walk. During this time, Skinwalkers would shapeshift to flee the horrors of living under the torture of the white man. It made them faster and the soldiers were unable to detect them running.

Another was that the skinwalker was started by the poor community in the old days. At night a skinwalker would dress up in ceremonial dress and go from door to door. The more well-off people would leave something outside their hogan for the skinwalker. Eventually with times changing people forgot about the skinwalker and stopped leaving things for them. This led to resentment among the poor and they turned on those who forgot them. And now they exist as a hateful people out for revenge.

Finally there are those who tell of the skinwalker as a medicine man. It was started by the Lakota, when they would dress up like wolves to hunt the bison. The tradition made its way to the Navajo people and it was adopted by the medicine men. However, in this legend it does not explain how the Skinwalker became full of hate for his fellow tribe.

Many Navajos believe the Anasazi had a lot to do with the wichcraft that runs in their community. Thus, Anasazi ruins and graves are strictly taboo. It's said that a skinwalker will use the bones of the Anasazi for their charms.

According to Raymond Friday Locke in the Book of the Navajo [2], the practice of animal emulation began with a hunter who thought of using the head of a deer so that he could approach them more closely to kill them. He was unsuccessful until the Gods came and showed him not only how to make the mask but how to emulate the animal. The practice of wearing the skins of the deer and emulating them began for the purpose of hunting. Locke also links the practice of witchcraft involving animal emulation and shape shifting to the Navajo folk tale of Coyote's wife. Believing that Coyote had been murdered, his wife takes the form of a bear and begins to curse and slay her husband's killers with witchcraft. The association of skin-walkers with Coyote is a prevalent belief in both their common usage of coyote skins and reputations of being tricksters.

[edit] Use in pop-culture
Because the term "skinwalker" is a native term adopted by the larger colonizing culture, any appearance of the term in popular culture is remarkable and significant, especially when a strong alternative term (werewolf or lycanthrope) is available. Anthropologists sometimes refer to this linguistic phenomenon as "reverse inculturation". [3]
 * The first skinwalker film is The Werewolf, a 1913 lost film.
 * Skinwalkers (1986) is a mystery novel by Tony Hillerman.
 * A skin walker is the villain in the movie Shadowhunter (1993).
 * A song titled "Skinwalker" appears on the 1994 Robbie Robertson album, Music for the Native Americans.
 * Skin-walkers feature prominently in Thunderhead (1999) a novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child.
 * There is a 2002 TV movie called Skinwalkers, based on Hillerman's novel.
 * Skinwalker is also the title of a 2003 comic book series published by Oni Press written by Nunzio DeFilippis and Christina Weir with art by Brian Hurtt.
 * Skin Walker (2004), stars Roxana Zal, RuPaul and Joey Buttafuoco [1]
 * Skinwalker: Curse of the Shaman (2005), shows two college student investigating an Indian curse. [2]
 * There is also a 2007 film also titled Skinwalkers, in which biker werewolves plan to murder a thirteen year-old boy reputed to be the "savior" of the good werewolves who will cure/end lycanthropy.
 * In 2006, Linda Conrad wrote a series of books on skinwalkers for Harlequin's Romantic Suspense line.
 * The book Kitty Takes a Holiday by Carrie Vaughn features two skinwalkers that subscribe to the purported belief among some Native Americans that one must kill a member of the immediate family to become a skinwalker.
 * In Fablehaven: Grip of the Shadow Plague, there is a skinwalker named Neil, who can transform into a horse.
 * In the Mortal Kombat series, Nightwolf is a skinwalker
 * Pueblo musician Robert Mirabal has a song called "Skinwalker's Moon" on his album Music from a Painted Cave (2001)
 * A skin-walker is the primary antagonist of the first Dresden Files episode, "Birds of a Feather."
 * The werewolf in the movie Werewolf (1996) is theorized to be a skinwalker, referred to as a "yetiglanchi"
 * The skinwalker is the featured creature in the "Skinwalker" episode of Lost Tapes.
 * Harry Dresden, the main character of The Dresden Files, faces a skinwalker in Turn Coat
 * The Tomahawk song Red Fox is about a skinwalker.
 * In Ben 10 episodes Benwolf, The Return/Be Afraid Of the Dark, an alien Werewolf called the Yenaldooshi appears.
 * A song titled "Skinwalkers" appears on Himsa's 2007 album, "Summon in Thunder"
 * Used in one Smallville episode, 2.10 Skinwalker, where a skinwalker terrorises Luthercorp.
 * The title character of The Mercedes Thompson Series is regarded as a skinwalker, often shortened to "Walker", though she notes that this term is incorrect since she doesn't need a pelt in order to become a coyote.

[edit] See also

 * Huaychivo
 * Nahual
 * Werewolf

[edit] References

 * 1) ^ Kluckhohn, Clyde. Navaho Witchcraft. Boston, 1944. Library of Congrezzss cat. No. 62-13533zz, p.27
 * 2) ^ Locke, Raymond Friday. Book of the Navajo. Holloway House Publishing Group, Los Angeles, 1976.
 * 3) ^ Spindler, Marc R. "Europe's Neo-Paganism: A Reverse Inculturation". International Bulletin of Missionary Research 11 (1):8-11. 1987.

[edit] Other references

 * Wall, Leon and William Morgan, Navajo-English Dictionary. (Hippocrene Books, New York City, 1998 ISBN 0-7818-0247-4)
 * Brady, M.K., Some Kind of Power: Navaho Children's Skinwalker Narratives. (University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1984 ISBN 0-87480-238-5)
 * Marika, K.. Werewolves, Shapeshifters and Skinwalkers. (Sherbourne Press, Los Angeles, 1972)
 * Teller, J. The Navajo Skinwalker, Witchcraft, & Related Spiritual Phenomena: Spiritual Clues: Orientation to the Evolution of the Circle. (Infinity Horn Publishing, Chinle AZ, 1997 ISBN 0-9656014-0-4)

[edit] External links
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin-walker"Categories: Shapeshifting | Native American legendary creatures | Native American mythologyHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2008 | All articles lacking in-text citations | Articles needing additional references from August 2008 | All articles needing additional references | Articles needing additional references from July 2009 | Articles with trivia sections from February 2010
 * Navajo Witches--Skinwalkers
 * Skinwalkers
 * American Werewolves in Folklore and Mythology